![]() The XRF generally operates at 50 kV and 50 mA. It cannot study elements with atomic numbers less than 9 and is not sensitive enough in the degree of chemical bonding. This spectrometer performs quantitative analysis of elements with atomic numbers between 9 and 92. These samples were measured in X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The element analysis (major and trace elements) of 10 evaporite samples was made in the Earth Science Research Center of Ankara University (Ankara, Turkey). The youngest unit in the study area was the recent Holocene formed by the Köprüağzı Stream, which unconformably overlies all these units ( Figure 1c). These units include claystones, siltstones and conglomerates of the Pliocene Büyükçay Formation. Along with this, these allochthonous units were covered by Neogene autochthonous units in the field ( Figure 1c). These ophiolitic units outcrop in a broad area between the Köprüağzı, Örenkale and Gönen villages and mainly contain serpentinite, radiolarite and peridotite rocks ( Figure 1c and Figure 2b,e). The upper parts of these evaporites contained blocks belonging to the Yüksekova complex ( Figure 2a,b). These evaporites were overlain by Yüksekova Ophiolitic Complex ( Figure 1c and Figure 2a,b,e). These evaporites were generally observed as intercalating with carbonate-rich (black dolomitic limestones and yellow limestone) and clastic material-rich (claystone, sandstone, red mudstone and conglomerate) units. Lithologies of both the Bitlis Massif and Köprüağzı evaporites were affected by regional tectonism. The Köprüağzı evaporites were observed as mixed with Bitlis Massif metamorphics, and the lower levels of these evaporites contained metamorphic blocks ( Figure 1c and Figure 2a,c,d). These units consist of phyllites, schist, amphibolite, metaquartzite and recrystallized limestone to the southwest of the Köprüağzı village ( Figure 2a,c,d). In most parts of the study area, these metamorphic rocks were folded ( Figure 2c). References suggest that these rocks were deposited, deformed and metamorphosed in the Paleozoic ( Figure 2a). The basement of the study area comprises an allochthonous unit of the Paleozoic (Precambrian–Early Paleozoic) Bitlis Massif ( Figure 1c and Figure 2a). After this regression, the environment became marine in the Late Cretaceous. ![]() The Başkale Basin was a marine environment in the Paleozoic, while the continental environment developed in the Triassic, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. These units were thrusted on each other from north to south after or during the Miocene due to intense tectonic movements ( Figure 2a). The study area contains the southwest of the Başkale Basin, which comprises allochthonous and autochthonous units. Köprüağzı evaporites in the study area outcrop in Gönen, Köprüağzı, Örenkale and Erkonağı villages and surroundings located nearly 15 km southwest in the Başkale Basin ( Figure 1c). The Başkale Basin is located in the southeast of the Lake Van Basin in Eastern Anatolia in the eastern section of the southeast Taurus orogenic belt and on the Turkish–Iranian border ( Figure 1a,b). The Bitlis Massif is the equivalent of the Central Iranian Massif metamorphics continuing eastward towards Iran’s Sanandaj–Sirjan region, forming the southern continental margin of the Anatolian–Iranian platform. The Eastern Anatolian plateau is located at the intersection of several continental blocks: the Eastern Pontides in the north, the Bitlis Massif and the Arabian Platform in the south, the Menderes-Taurus block in the west and the northwest Iranian block in the east. ![]() The region contains extensive accretionary units and large crystalline massifs. ![]() The Eastern Anatolia region is formed by the closure of the southern branch of Neotethys along the Bitlis–Zagros Suture Zone (BZSZ) after the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates before or during the Early Miocene ( Figure 1a). ![]()
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